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Probiotics and their importance in human nutrition
Formanová, Kristýna ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Vránová, Dana (advisor)
A great deal of immune system is located in the colon thanks to a large number of microbs that influence not only digestive tract of a human. The contact of these microbs with the digestive tract of a human is very important for other development of immune defensive mechanisms and the natural immune response, which supports health of a host. That is why in recent years a great deal of attention and efforts have been paid to possibility of human health status improving by a modulation of the intestinal microflora. As probiotics are indicated living microorganisms, that can have positive effects on human health and some species, for example Saccharomyces boulardii, have positive effects in prevention and treatment of many diseases associated with diarrhea. The company Valosun a.s. has provided for testing the probiotic food supplement which is suitable in acute diarrheal disorders. This product has been tried by patients of gastroenterology ambulance. The aim of sociological survey was to map knowledge of respondents in the field of probiotics and probiotic food supplements.
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Intolerance lepku a její dopad na lidský organismus
Sedláková, Simona
Bachelor thesis The Gluten Intolerance and Its Influence on Human Body focuses on the problem of celiac disease. It is an autoimmune disorder which is caused by gluten and its storage proteins. Gluten is responsible for the damage of the small intestine in people who are genetically predisposed to the celiac disease. The damaged intestine cannot fully absorb the nutrients, which induces the malabsorption syndrome in the body and leads to hypovitaminosis. New findings in the research of celiac disease show the connection of celiac disease with disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, depression, etc. The health conditions of the patients with these disorders, as well as with the celiac disease, can be significantly improved when the patient follows a gluten-free diet, which is the only freely available treatment so far. However, there should be new methods of treatment available in the next few years. The new methods of treatment would include enzyme supplements, the injections of larazotide acetate, suitable probiotic preparations and also cereals that would contain less toxic peptide components of gluten.
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Characterization of the distribution and dynamics of the antigen-presenting cells using MHC II-EGFP knock-in mouse model
Pačes, Jan ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Tlaskalová - Hogenová, Helena (referee)
Results of recent studies indicate that dendritic cells are capable of transporting commensal intestinal bacteria into the mammary glands, which ultimately leads to their occurrence in breast milk. We have therefore decided to evaluate the phenotype of immunologically relevant antigen presenting cells (APCs) present in the mammary glands and the small intestine, respectively and perform a comparison study. We also studied plasticity of these populations during lactation. In situ immunodetection and flow cytometry methods were used to determine phenotype. We succeeded in optimising the methods for preparation of samples for flow cytometry and microscopy. We thoroughly tested protocols for 3D visualisation of APC populations and quantitative image analysis for correlation with flow cytometry, further optimization is nevertheless needed. We found out that during lactation large numbers of MHC II+ cells cluster around the alveoli and milk ducts. These cells are of a distinctly dendritic shape and their phenotype does not correspond to the APCs in the surrounding tissue. A pronounced increase of APC cells in the mammary glands between the fourth and sixth days of lactation was observed, with the majority of these cells expressing the CD103 antigen typical for cell populations of immune cells of the...
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Novel mechanisms of T cell-mediated intestinal autoimmunity to Paneth cells
Brabec, Tomáš ; Filipp, Dominik (advisor) ; Janečková, Lucie (referee)
(En) Paneth cells are one of the major player in the maintenance of the homeostatic relationship between intestinal microbiota and the immune system. This function is largely achieved by their production of bactericidal enteric α-defensins (ED) and other antimicrobials. Disruption of Paneth cell functions is associated with severe human disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD) and Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy- Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED). However, there is only a very limited information regarding the interactions and regulatory circuits operating between Paneth cells and intestinal immune system in either health or under pathological conditions. The previous study conducted in our laboratory described a new mechanism for the initiation and maintenance of Paneth cells targeted autoimmunity. The suggested model was that ED-specific T cells escape the selection in the thymus, infiltrate the intestine and diminish Paneth cell numbers through autoimmune destruction. This process also lead to the accumulation of inflammation- inducing bacteria, which were implied to exacerbate the inflammatory autoimmunity. Since this model of intestinal autoimmunity is of correlative nature, its intrinsic mechanism and functional relationships between immune system, Paneth cells and microbiota are largely...
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In vitro and ex vivo study of drug-drug interactions of antiretrovirals on intestinal ATP-binding drug transporters
Jahodová, Michaela ; Červený, Lukáš (advisor) ; Vokřál, Ivan (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Bc. Michaela Jahodová Supervisor: PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: In vitro and ex vivo study of drug-drug interactions of antiretrovirals on intestinal ATP-binding drug transporters The absorption of orally administered drugs takes place especially in the intestine, where it can affect by the activity of drug's ABC transporters located on the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium. Study of drug interactions in intestinal ABC transporters is essential to ensure effective and safe pharmacotherapy. Testing of bi- directional transport on Caco-2 cells is generally the preferred method for in vitro evaluation of substrates and inhibitors of ABC transporters. Drawbacks of the Caco-2 model increase the need and necessity to introduce new models. A great potential is the involvement of ex vivo methodologies in the human or rat intestine. The aim of the work was to introduce an in vitro methodology using the Caco-2 cell monolayer and the ex vivo methodology of precision-cut rat intestinal slices. By the bi-directional transport method, we analyzed drug interactions of the model substrate P-gp and BCRP Rhodamine 123 (RHD123) and clinically-used tenofovir...
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Vliv zkrmování mykotoxinů na histologii tenkého střeva potkanů
Zouharová, Marcela
This thesis is about study of effect mykotoxine on histology small intestine. Experiment was made on 3 groups with rats. This groups were feeding 28 days moldy feed about different concentration. After the end of the experiment were taken sample of duodenum, illeum and jejunum. From the samples taken, the villi height and width were measured in each part of the small intestine. Averages were calculated from the measured values and the results were plotted in graphs. The results show that feeding of mycotoxins leads to stimulation growth intestine villi in rats
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Enteroclysis - Past and Present
HUBÁČKOVÁ, Veronika
Enteroclysis is one of the main radiological diagnostic procedures, that is able to examine the thin intestine. Thorough intestinal imaging has previously been used for X-ray enterocolysis. In this examination, the technique of bi-contrast imaging is used, the use of positive barrier contrast medium and subsequently the negative contrast media of methylcellulose. Thanks to this, the intestines can be displayed in good quality. Today is examined only on CT or MR using positive contrast agent intravenously. In the theoretical part, thin and thick intestine is described as these radiological examinations are focused on changes mainly in these sections of the digestive system. I deal with the anatomy and physiology of the thin and thick intestine, as well as their disorders, for which patients have to undergo these examination. In my work I describe the most common disorders of bowel function that are diagnosed during these examinations. I also deal with the description of the pre-enterocystic examination. The practical part describes the actual examination and the results of my work.
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In vitro and ex vivo study of drug-drug interactions of antiretrovirals on intestinal ATP-binding drug transporters
Jahodová, Michaela ; Červený, Lukáš (advisor) ; Vokřál, Ivan (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Bc. Michaela Jahodová Supervisor: PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: In vitro and ex vivo study of drug-drug interactions of antiretrovirals on intestinal ATP-binding drug transporters The absorption of orally administered drugs takes place especially in the intestine, where it can affect by the activity of drug's ABC transporters located on the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium. Study of drug interactions in intestinal ABC transporters is essential to ensure effective and safe pharmacotherapy. Testing of bi- directional transport on Caco-2 cells is generally the preferred method for in vitro evaluation of substrates and inhibitors of ABC transporters. Drawbacks of the Caco-2 model increase the need and necessity to introduce new models. A great potential is the involvement of ex vivo methodologies in the human or rat intestine. The aim of the work was to introduce an in vitro methodology using the Caco-2 cell monolayer and the ex vivo methodology of precision-cut rat intestinal slices. By the bi-directional transport method, we analyzed drug interactions of the model substrate P-gp and BCRP Rhodamine 123 (RHD123) and clinically-used tenofovir...
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Novel mechanisms of T cell-mediated intestinal autoimmunity to Paneth cells
Brabec, Tomáš ; Filipp, Dominik (advisor) ; Janečková, Lucie (referee)
(En) Paneth cells are one of the major player in the maintenance of the homeostatic relationship between intestinal microbiota and the immune system. This function is largely achieved by their production of bactericidal enteric α-defensins (ED) and other antimicrobials. Disruption of Paneth cell functions is associated with severe human disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD) and Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy- Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED). However, there is only a very limited information regarding the interactions and regulatory circuits operating between Paneth cells and intestinal immune system in either health or under pathological conditions. The previous study conducted in our laboratory described a new mechanism for the initiation and maintenance of Paneth cells targeted autoimmunity. The suggested model was that ED-specific T cells escape the selection in the thymus, infiltrate the intestine and diminish Paneth cell numbers through autoimmune destruction. This process also lead to the accumulation of inflammation- inducing bacteria, which were implied to exacerbate the inflammatory autoimmunity. Since this model of intestinal autoimmunity is of correlative nature, its intrinsic mechanism and functional relationships between immune system, Paneth cells and microbiota are largely...
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Intolerance lepku a její dopad na lidský organismus
Sedláková, Simona
Bachelor thesis The Gluten Intolerance and Its Influence on Human Body focuses on the problem of celiac disease. It is an autoimmune disorder which is caused by gluten and its storage proteins. Gluten is responsible for the damage of the small intestine in people who are genetically predisposed to the celiac disease. The damaged intestine cannot fully absorb the nutrients, which induces the malabsorption syndrome in the body and leads to hypovitaminosis. New findings in the research of celiac disease show the connection of celiac disease with disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, depression, etc. The health conditions of the patients with these disorders, as well as with the celiac disease, can be significantly improved when the patient follows a gluten-free diet, which is the only freely available treatment so far. However, there should be new methods of treatment available in the next few years. The new methods of treatment would include enzyme supplements, the injections of larazotide acetate, suitable probiotic preparations and also cereals that would contain less toxic peptide components of gluten.
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